Singer’s essay is an example of the school of philosophy known as utilitarianism. One logical conclusion to Singer’s argument is that, for example, we should only buy enough clothes to keep us covered and warm. A utilitarian might argue that only the most basic styles and materials should be purchased since these are the cheapest. What effect might utilitarianism have on other aspects of life, such as art and music? Who would decide what is frivolous and what is necessary? Present a critique of utilitarianism along these lines.

Bill and Melinda Gates wrote the foreword to the Oxford University Press edition of the book in which this essay was reprinted. The Gates Foundation is one of the world’s largest charities. Still, they live in luxury unimaginable to most of us. Singer advocates donating to the point of “marginal utility,” which is when giving more would adversely affect one’s own life. The Gateses have clearly not done so. Should they? Is it easier for the wealthy to donate money and do they have more of a responsibility to do so? Why or why not?