“The roots of scepticism in India go back a long way, and it would be hard to understand the history of Indian culture if scepticism were to be jettisoned.”

The phrase “roots of scepticism” employs a metaphor to convey the ingrained and longstanding presence of skepticism within Indian culture. Metaphorically invoking roots suggests both origin and nourishment, indicating that skepticism is an essential and sustaining element of India’s intellectual heritage. This metaphor serves to deepen the understanding of skepticism as not merely an aspect but a fundamental characteristic that gives rise to and supports the growth of diverse philosophical thought.

Additionally, the metaphor of being “jettisoned” suggests the act of discarding or throwing away something as unnecessary or burdensome, often to lighten a load or save one from disaster. In the context of the quote, it conveys the potential loss of a critical aspect of Indian culture. The use of this metaphor implies that skepticism is not merely excess baggage but rather a crucial component of the cultural vessel that is India.

“Discussions and arguments are critically important for democracy and public reasoning. They are central to the practice of secularism and for even-handed treatment of adherents of different religious faiths (including those who have no religious beliefs). Going beyond these basic structural priorities, the argumentative tradition, if used with deliberation and commitment, can also be extremely important in resisting social inequalities and in removing poverty and deprivation. Voice is a crucial component of the pursuit of social justice.”

The notion of “basic structural priorities” employs metonymy, where these priorities stand in for the fundamental values and principles upon which democratic societies are constructed. This metonymic expression condenses complex political concepts into a tangible form, making the abstract principles of democracy and secularism more accessible and grounded.

The passage concludes with the

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