Content Warning: This book refers to colonialism and colonial atrocities committed in India. It also discusses stereotypes and problematic depictions of India and the “East.”

In the Preface, the collection of essays that make up the book are discussed, with Sen overviewing them and explaining their focus on India’s argumentative legacy due to its historical significance, contemporary relevance, and the neglect it faces in cultural discourse. One of the book’s central themes is outlined: India’s enduring tradition of public debate and intellectual heterodoxy. Sen emphasizes the diversity within India, acknowledging that any cultural examination must inherently involve selection.

Sen refutes the narrow interpretation of Indian history by Hindutva movements, which glorify ancient Hindu texts while overlooking their broader cultural impact and the tradition of skepticism. These ancient texts, he argues, have contributed significantly to Indian literature and philosophy and the tradition of questioning, evident in the Vedas’ inquiry into creation. He also critiques the cultural contrast between the East and West, advocating for an appreciation of India’s intellectual contributions to various fields. The Preface sets the stage for the book’s exploration of the dialogic tradition in India, its role in fostering democracy and secularism, and its capacity to challenge social injustices.