1. Anaphora is the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses.

2. D. Metaphor is an exact comparison between two unrelated things for dramatic or poetic effect. Here, Szymborska compares the grass to new growth and life beyond the traumas of the past.

3. A. Alliteration is the repetition of the first letter of two adjacent or near-adjacent words.

4. A. The cameras and the removal of them in Lines 18-21 indicate the presence of the news media depicting the violence of the war (“Photogenic, it’s not,” Line 18). Lines 20-21 (“All of the cameras have left / for another war.”) indicate the circularity of war.