Why Nations Fail examines the disparities in income and living standards across the world, using the Arab Spring as an example. The book explores why countries like Egypt are significantly poorer than nations like the United States, attributing Egypt’s poverty to political factors rather than geographical or cultural reasons. It argues that a narrow elite has historically monopolized political power in Egypt, using it to their advantage at the expense of the general population. This has led to an ineffective, corrupt state and a society where individual talents and aspirations are stifled. The Egyptian people’s protest in Tahrir Square reflects a deep understanding that political change is necessary for economic improvement. Contrasting with the prevailing academic opinion, the book posits that political rights and a broad distribution of power are essential for a country’s economic prosperity. Historical political transformations, like the 1688 revolution in England, have led to economic opportunities and growth, which underscore the importance of political dynamics in determining a nation’s economic trajectory.

The cities of Nogales, Arizona, and Nogales, Sonora, are separated only by the US-Mexico border. Despite their proximity and similar cultural and geographical backgrounds, the quality of life and economic opportunities in these two cities are considerably different.