In the Foreword and Introduction, Harjo and Erdrich both comment on the novel’s origins as a poem and its lyrical style. Poetry and prose often differ in terms of how many words are used to develop detail. Examine how the novel’s poetic origins influence the style of writing.

Late in the novel, the reader is given more detail about the night Mose dies. The narrator reveals that both old Bird and the cow were involved and, in some ways, contributed to Mose’s death. Consider the narrator’s attitude towards the two animals and describe how their history colors his interactions with them.

The narrator’s interactions with women in the novel are fraught and sometimes violent. Explain the social and personal influences behind his attitudes and behaviors.